Review- Egypt, and more

•  The Ankh- stands for eternal life and the infinite- it is a shape. 
• The jar with the heart in it is weighted against a feather after someone dies. The feather was called the feather of Maat. 
• The book of the Dead---
• The six major historians of ancient Greece-  Herodotus wrote about the Persian wars, which was between the greeks and the Persians. He wrote the first history in western civilizations. 
• Thucydides wrote the second half of the fifth century, and writes about the Peloponnese was between the Athens and the Spartans. 
• Xenophon- an Athenian that wrote about what occurred during the time of Socrates
• Aristotle- Wrote history, and worked with logic and philosophy. He was the first guy to write an encyclopedia.
• Plutarch- Known for his biographies. 
• Pausanias- wrote the first travel guide, which was to all of the cites in Greece. 

• The Persian wars take place just as the fifth century is unfolding. (the 400's, BCE)
• The straight that comes out of the ? is called the bosphorus, or the Istanbul straight. The Persians crossed this. 
• Thessalonika is to Greece like Baltimore is to Maryland. 
• The Persians come down from Thrace, and enter Macedonia, and then Thessaly, and then Epirus, and then Attica. 
• They get stopped for a little at Thermopylae. 
• When the Persians got there, Athens was evacuated, so they burned the Acropolis. Then they battlesd and the Persians were destroyed. 
• They then rebuilt everything. 
• You can see everything form the top of the acropolis. 
• The Parthenon- Doric architecture. It was the temple of the city, to the virgin Athena, and it was the most sacred temple in all of Athens. It was built with the funds that came through the Athenian league. 
• The Persians battle the Athenians at Salamis, the Athenians win, and the Persians are kicked back....

The Medici- Notes 5-20

• Michaelangelo was consulted by the Medici. 
• Florence, 1501 home of the Italian renaissance. It is the heart of an artistic revolution. 
• Michaelangelo- he got so into his work he never ate, or sometimes never slept.... 
• The huge project he was doing would take him three years to complete
• Michaelangelo had moved in with the Medici 15 years before this project. 
• He was raised alongside the heirs to the Medici dynasty. 
• A bloody civil war was sparked in the streets of Florence because of jealousy of Medici wealth. The heirs of the once great dynasty were cast into exile. 
• Julio the Medici had remained a priest, and his cousin Giovanni was already a cardinal. 
• On the 25th of January 1504, felt ready to expose his work to the scrutiny of the outside world. 
• "The David" is what he was working on. 
• Everyone agreed that it was such a monumental step forward, that they decided to put it outside the town hall. 
• Michaelangelo started to see the Medici as contrary to the good of Florence. 
• The Medici finally returned from exile, and took their case to the highest level of the church. 
• The pope helped the Medici assemble an army, which headed back for Florence. 
• Against the wishes of the church, the artists were venturing into new ground. They were looking at corpses for their own knowledge and studied the complexity of the human body. 
• Leonardo and Michaelangelo were each given a wall to decorate, almost like a contest to see who is better. However, they both have very different styles. 
• By 1512, thousands of heavily armed soldiers were inside the borders of Tuscany and heading for Florence, shadowed by the Medici cousins. The people of Florence prepared for their coming. But they knew they were hopelessly outnumbered. 
• The leaders called on their chief advisor, a political genius, Nicolo Maccereli (not the right spelling..)
• Giovanni sent the progress report to his master, because lots of people were killed, blood was everywhere....
• The leaders of the Republic of Florence surrendered. The Medici regained control, but not the loyalty of the people. 
• Giovanni received news one day that his mentor and master, the pope, was dead. 
• The cardinals were still undecided about a new pope for over a week. Giovanni cast the deciding vote. 
• Giovanni voted himself pope. 
• This changed everything, and Florence welcomed back their old enemy with open arms.
•  Being the pope was an unbelievable powerful position. 
• He hosted elaborate dinners night after night. 
• Giovanni had risen higher than any of his ancestors. 
• Michaelangelo was forced into painting the roof of the Sistine Chapel, and he thought he was being made do it by people who wanted to see him fail. He resented every minute he spent on it. 
• He covered the ceiling with over 300 stories from the bible. 
• He had created maybe the greatest work of the renaissance. 
• The Medici ordered Michaelangelo to make tombs for their dead fathers. 
• After all of his spending for one year, he owed money to every bank. 
• Leo sold indulgences, which would forgive the person's sins that bought it. 
• He sold A LOT.
• Martin Luther was horrified by what the church was doing. 
• He wrote a book that traveled everywhere with all of his thesis'.
• No one had ever dared to use such language against the church. Luther was just trying to reform the church, but things kind of snowballed. 
• But Luther's complaints mattered little to the pope. 
• The pope died in 1521, very suddenly by a simple winter chill. His cousin was left to deal with the problems with Luther and such. He became pope Clement the seventh
• About 8000 people died on the first day of the massacre, and The pope ran to safety. after 7 months, clement finally finished his plan for escape.
• He bribed his was out of Rome, and went to find safety in Florence. 
• A bench was thrown off of city hall, and broke "The David."
• Michaelangelo finally finished the tombs for the Medici. 
• Katherine the Medici was the only heir left of the Medici line. 
• She was only eleven though. 
• Katherine was married off at age 14. 
• Michaelangelo chose to portray the last judgment as his last project for the Medici popes. 
• Clement, however, he did not live to see that work finished. It was the end of an era. 

Extra notes that I got from a friend: 

1. Two cousins are all that is left of the Medici family
2. The Medici split the Church in two and almost brought Florence, Europe, and Rome to a collapse
3. France 1501 - Michelangelo was starting on the statue of David
4. It took him 3 years to complete this
5. He made a cast of it in wax
6. 15 years before that he has moved in with the Medici
7. Michelangelo watched as Giovanni was getting ready for the Church
8. They had hits on both of them
9. On the 25 of January 1504 he released his work to the outside world
10. He turned on the Medici family
11. Giovanni took this to court with the Pope
12. The Pope helped them create an army to take back Florence
13. Leonardo da Vinci would take bodies apart and study them for better details on his artwork
14. They told Michelangelo and Leonardo to compete against each other
15. 1512 they arrive in Florence with their army
16. Nicalo was a dingle minded patriot determined to fight the Medici
17. He got thousands of men from different towns to fight in this battle
18. They took control of the city once again
19. Giovanna got the news that the Pope was dead
20. Pope Leo the tenth was Giovanni
21. The city of Florence now welcomed back Giovanni to their city
22. This is the first time that the current Pope was born in Florence
23. Julio is made arch bishop in Florence and then a cardinal later that year
24. Pope Julias the 2nd told Michelangelo to paint the Sistine chapel
25. He was a true master of Fresco
26. He covered it with 300 stories from the Bible
27. They ordered Michelangelo to build excellent tombs in marble for Giovanni's fallen fathers
28. Nicalo wanted a job inside Leo's regime now
29. He was thrown into jail and tortured to the worst that Florence could do to them
30. He wrote a book called the Prince and was an opinionated book about politics
31. A group of cardinals got together and planned the assassination of the Pope
32. However he was warned about this and had a decoy
33. Leo the tenth owed money to every bank in Florence
34. Leo started selling indulgences to people
35. They costed money but were freedom from an eternity in hell
36. This brought in lots of money for the Pope
37. You could even buy indulgences for dead ones
38. For Martin Luther indulgences were a step to far
39. In 1517 published a book for change
40. He had it printed, circulated, and translated
41. This was a direct attack to the Pope
42. Those who bought indulgences would be internally damned
43. This was a start of a revolution
44. Pope Leo did not care because he is a poor monk and he is the Pope
45. The Pope condemned Luther to Hell
46. He was denied access to heaven by the Pope
47. He refused to repent and this caused a battle between the Catholics and the Protestants
48. In 1521 Leo the tenth suddenly died
49. He died from a simple window chill
50. Julio was crowned Pope 2 years later
51. People started gathering around Rome and having riots because they were inflamed by the words of Martin Luther
52. Clement fled to the safety of a fort
53. For the next day Rome was torn apart without mercy
54. They kill, rape, hold people to ransom, and destroy buildings
55. About 8,000 people died on the first day
56. This was called the sack of Rome
57. He had all the gold melted down and all his treasures sewn into his clothes
58. He bribed his way out of Rome to the safety of Florence

Notes 5-14- video on Martin Luther

• German 1483- a time of desolation and disease. Where the plague could wipe out entire towns in days and a quarter of all children died before they were five. There was one consolation- the church and its promise of heaven.
• It made the church the most powerful institution on earth, very rich, but also corrupt and tyrannical.
• Martin Luther- The idea that we should stand up fir what we believe in, and that all people are precious- things he fought for. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_luther
• He took on the Catholic Church. He said "you are wrong, let us now come to the right." 
• Martin Luther grew up in a tiny town in Germany. 
• The church stood at the center of Luther's childhood world. 
• If you followed the church's rules and rituals, you would escape the horrors of the world. 
• It governed every aspect of human life. 
• The young Luther embraced the church, served as an alter boy and sang in the choir. 
• His father, Hans, was a copper smelter. He held fierce ambitions for his son and intended for him to become a lawyer. 
• Luther's mother was not any more sympathetic than his father. 
• He did not follow his father's ambitions. He followed it at first and went to the best schools in the area.
• He became a great musician at the University of Erfurt. 
• In 1505, Plague struck and Luther's life and plans were shattered. 
• The epidemic killed three of Luther's friends, and this glimpse of human mortality and the fear of God's wrath made a turning point in Luther's life. 
• Luther, now 23, returned to Erfurd after a visit to a family and he was caught in a massive thunderstorm. 
• No one knows exactly what happened that night, but it struck his soul. He struck a bargain with God, and vowed to become a monk. 
• It was a moment when he took charge of his own life. 
• His father was really really mad. 
• Life as a monk, life was extremely regulated. 
• Luther joined one of the most strict monasteries in the country, 
• The monks tried to imitate the sufferings of Christ. 
• He eventually left, saying that he would have killed himself if he stayed there. 
• Luther did everything 100%, so when he wanted to be a monk, he did it all. 
• He was increasingly concerned that he would not make it to heaven. 
• "God's word is too high and too hard for anyone to fulfill it."
• He was sent to Rome by his monastery thing.
• This was an important pilgrimage, because Rome was the home of the Catholic Church. 
• It took Luther and his companion two months to get to Rome. 
• He arrived in Rome just as the renaissance was reaching its height. 
• The city was a revelation to Luther. 
• He was criticized when he was there and it was a disappointment. 
• After everything he had gone through, he wondered if it was really bringing him closer to God. He broke down, questioning the teachings of the church. Rome did not reflect Christianity as he understood it. 
• His trip to Rome had only brought doubt. He still wanted to get salvation though. He spent the rest of his days in endless confession. 

Notes 5-10, another video, Queen Elizabeth

• Queen Elizabeth I- Became England's best loved queen. She ruled England for 44 years.
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_of_England
• Her parents wanted a boy, but they got a girl.
• Her sister Mary was made to be Elizabeth's lady in waiting. She was humiliated.
• Her mother chose all of Elizabeth's clothes.
• Ann Boleyn miscarried a boy, and the king got really mad and found a way to dispose of her. She was executed.-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Boleyn
• Within two weeks of Anne's death, King Henry married someone else named Jane Seymour. She finally gave birth to a prince, but died within days of his birth. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Seymour
• Elizabeth's father died, and Edward was only 10, and he was too young to rule. Elizabeth was now 14.
• John Seymour pursued Elizabeth after his wife died, and rumors were that Elizabeth was pregnant by Seymour. Eventually this scandal faded, and she her brother talked to her again, whom she adored.
• Mary became Queen after Edward.
• Elizabeth realized that she may also come to the throne, and she was very cautious about everything she did.
• Elizabeth lived a frugal life.
• The people were happy to have Mary as a Queen at first, but after they heard some of her plans, Elizabeth's popularity grew.
• Rebellions were launched with the aim to put Elizabeth into the throne.
• After Mary and Elizabeth met, they were somewhat reconciled. Mary had sent her away, and now Elizabeth was able to move back.
• She finally sent word that Elizabeth would be able to succeed the throne.
• After Mary died, she finally became queen of England in 1558.
• She was suddenly the center of events.
• She just had an ambition to be queen, an she really did not have any other plans.
• She loved dancing.

Notes 5-6- reviewing the video that we watched yesterday and on

• The Medici- ruled in Florence throughout the renaissance. (there is a link to the wikipedia page on the notes before this). Florence is considerably smaller than Rome, but they were extremely powerful in the late 14 century. This was because they were wealthy, because they had a bank in their city that was backed by the pope. This made them very very wealthy and powerful. The Medici's plan was to build a bank and get one guy to be pope, and that guy will make the Medici bank the bank of the Vatican.
• Giovanni de Medici was the old guy who started the bank.
• Cosimo was his son. He is the one who gets the dome of Florence cathedral built. This was the greatest architectural achievement in the world of to that time. It gives great prominence to the Medici.

Now we are watching another video

• Lorenzo Magnifico was the next ruler of Florence.
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenzo_de'_Medici
• August 1466- the Medici were in danger.
• The Medici family was vulnerable. they needed new allies that were beyond the walls of Florence. They are very uneasy of their future.
• So for the first time in the Medici history, they go outside of the city for a spouse.
• The girl Lorenzo married brought a lot of connections into the Medici family.
• Alliances with the right families was crucial.
• Lorenzo's father finally died.
  
• Lorenzo was now the leader of the Medici's and was the most powerful man in Florence.
• Lorenzo had been brought up a scholar.
• there was a conspiracy against the Medici.
• Giuliano the Medici was stabbed 19 times and died immediately, but Lorenzo was unaccounted for.
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuliano_de'_Medici_(1453–1478)
• But the Medici were still alive and still in business.
• Giuliano's murder sent shock waves through Tuscany. Medici power now hung by a thread.
• The pope had ordered troops to wipe out the Medici once and for all. Lorenzo would gamble with his life for the sake of the city. the people of Florence were worried about his survival, and so was he.
• Lorenzo traveled for nearly a month, and his ship docked above Naples just before Christmas, 1479. He brings a lot of gifts and such, a peace is work out, although the pope is unhappy.
• The enemy troops were called off. he had saved Florence from destruction.
• He was hailed "the magnificent" by his grateful city.
• His experiences, however, had changed him. Lorenzo worked to protect the future of the Medici family.
• Leonardo da Vinci- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_vinci. He had a great talent even from a young age.
• Leonardo was determined to reflect the detail of the natural world. He was an artist that would take the world apart searching for how it works.
• Leonardo's arrival was raising the stakes in the battle for Medici patronage.
• Botticelli painted "The Birth of Venus"- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botticelli
• On July 29, 1487 tragedy struck the Medici family. Lorenzo's wife died suddenly from Tuberculosis. He lamented the loss of those near to him.
• In 1488 Lorenzo established the firs art school in history. He spotted a young talent who was working with marble for the first time. He was only 13. His name is Michaelangelo.
• Lorenzo likes him and takes him under his wing, and then later decides to bring him into his family.
• Michaelangelo's talent increased.
• Florence was split down the middle between the people who felt that Savonarola was making a good point and people that loved art and intellectual advancement like Lorenzo.
• Savonarola completely hated Lorenzo and believed him to be the cause of everything he thought was evil.- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savonarola
• Lorenzo fell seriously ill in 1492.
• Lorenzo feared for the future of the dynasty. Medicine could not cure him.
• He turned to the church.
• Lorenzo knew he was dying, and called Savonarola to his death bed seeking absolution.
• What if God really disapproved of his life's work?
• Lorenzo died at the age of 43, fearing hell to his last breath.
• Savonarola seized his chance after Lorenzo had gone.
• He beat and killed prostitutes and homosexuals, and forbid the show of jewelry. Artwork, cosmetics, jewels, and books were burned.
• Now even Botticelli, for fear of damnation, joined the destruction. He threw his own paintings into the flames.
• This became known of as "The Bonfire of the Vanities"

Notes 5-5- The renaissance

• Medici- The godfathers of the renaissance
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medici
• At the beginning of the 15th century, an illicit trade began
• Their prize that they sought laid in the confines of the church, but was not physical treasure.
• They were after knowledge. They were searching for lost secrets from the ancient world
• Ancient learning was carried back to Florence.
• Florence was the place to be at the turning of the 14th and 15th centuries.
• Filippo Brunelleschi- he was a genius, but he wasn't someone you would necessarily want to know.
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippo_Brunelleschi
• This was the first time that columns had been used for structural support since the days of ancient Rome, and Brunelleschi would spark an architectural revolution.
• Brunelleschi set his focus on the problem of the dome, with the backing of the Medicis. The churches were offering a lot of money for someone that would be able to figure out how to build the done.
• He was permitted to go on with his plans.
• His plan to make the dome work was new and completely original, so it was risky.
• Brunelleschi began getting old, and he was trying to get around it.
• The Medici bean becoming more powerful, going over their enemy family in Florence. (the Albizzi)
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albizzi
• Cosimo, the ruling Medici of the time, was at the mercy of his enemies.
• Cosimo was found guilty and faced execution. But he had friends even from the enemy camp, and he worked out a plan to get out. He survived, but he and his family were banished and the Albizzi now were in charge of Florence. Brunelleschi was thrown in jail and work on the dome was halted.
• Within a year, the Albizzi had lost control of the people, and turned against the people.
• Cosimo had friends who were agents of the pope, and there exile would soon be over.
• The Medici took over again and were back in business.
• Money began to flood back into Florence. Brunelleschi lead his workers back to the dome.
• High political competition is expressed through patronage in the Renaissance.
• In the renaissance, you only made art when someone asked you to and paid you for it, not to put out in the shop window for someone to buy.
• Cosimo understood that you got better work out of people when they are happy.
• Brunelleschi invented perspective in art, which makes it look like 3D. It revolutionizes art, and how we see. It begins in the 15th century.
• He needed to prevent bricks from falling inward as he got up to the top.
• His herringbone design was untried and untested.
• His plan worked! he could build the dome without any scaffolding or support.
• It was the greatest architectural feat in the western world.
• Cosimo invited people from all over the world to celebrate and show of their great artwork and amazing dome.
• After Cosimo was getting old, no one knew who would fill his shoes and take on after him.

Notes 4-28- Review

http://www.middle-ages.org.uk/middle-ages-timeline.htm

KNOW ALL OF THE ENGLISH KINGS!!!

1066- William the conqueror

the Normans come into England and start taking over.

1086 The doomsday book is compiled. It is like a census and list of everything in England at this time

1087-1100- The reign of king William Rufus who invades wales

1100- Rufus' brother Henry becomes King

1135-1154- The reign of king Stephen, the nephew of Henry I

1099- First crusade

1118- the Knights Templar is founded. They are kind of like warrior monks

1147 The second crusade begins- ordered by the pope

1154-1189- The reign of King Henry II, the grandson of Henry I

1184- the first of many inquisitions begins- completely brutal

1189-1199- The reign of King Richard I, third son of Henry II(he died in the crusade)

1190- the third crusade begins. Saladin manages to unite the entire Muslim world and recapture Jerusalem. This is what started the third crusade. They kicked out the Europeans, which is very bad for the Europeans. This makes the first 2 crusades kind of a waste.

1199-1216- The reign of king john (fifth son of Henry II)

1200 Fourth crusade embarks

1212- children's crusade

1214-1215- barons revolt

1215- the signing of the magna carta*********** REMEMBER- with the signing of the Magna Carta, the Kin came under the power of the law, instead of being above it. So basically the king has to follow the law. This is sort of considered the founding of the European, and then american, democracy.

1216-1272- the reign of King Henry III (son of john)

1258- the provisions of oxford were forced upon henry III and he had to make a new form of government.

1272-1307- Rule of King Edward I (son of Henry III)

1273- rudolf I of Germany is elected Holy Roman Emperor

1274- Thomas Aquinas publishes Summa Theologiae

1307-1327- the reign of King Edward II (son of edward I)

1307- the knights Templar are rounded up and killed by philip the fair of france, who was backed up by the pope, because they believe they are getting too powerful

1327-1377- The reign of King Edward III

The first part of the 100 years war was called the edwardian war (1337-1360)

the second part was called the caroline war

the third part was called the lancastrian war

1347- the black death breaks out

1377-1399- The reign of richard II (grandson of edward III)

1380- chaucer writes the canterbury tales

1381- Peasants revolt in england

1382- The bible is translated into english by john wycliffe

1399-1413- the reign of king Henry IV

1413-1422- the reign of king henry V

1415- The battle of Agincourt- henry V defeats the french

1422- 1461- The reign of Henry VI

1452- leonardo da vinci is born

Notes 4-26, The Crusades

• The Crusades started in the 11th century
• The first crusade, few men even made it to Jerusalem.
• http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/?period=07&region=euwf
• http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/?period=07&region=euwb

• The Capetians have very close ties with the church which is why we have so many cathedrals go up in France in the romanesque and gothic eras.
• When the library of Alexander is burned a lot of information is lost.
• During the time that Europe is in the dark ages, the Islamic world is going through a renaissance.
• Aristotle is very important at this time.
• Aristotle demonstrated that logic defeats superstition.

• There is a direct correlation between the art in france and england in the gothic period.

Notes 4-21

• 1348-1350- Events in this time change the future of Europe.
• The black plague claimed over 20 million lives.
• It was carried in the bloodstream of black rats and the fleas that bit them.

• One man got the plague, but he researched and tried to treat himself, and he ended up surviving. He also discovered that there were two types of plague.
• Many people knowingly went through pain and suffering thinking that God might see their suffering and take away the plague. People would hit and beat themselves.
• In two years, the plague had swept across northern Europe and then some of Asia.
• It killed a third of Europe's population.
• People believed in God more, but they had less faith in the church itself.

Notes 4-16

France

• Between 1000 and 1400 many changes happened.
• http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/?period=07&region=euwf#slideshow8
• The Capetians gained power through supporting the church. The support of the church becomes the key to political success in France.
• They begin writing on animal hide in the middle ages, we call it manuscripts- medieval manuscripts are books where pages are animal hide.
• (remember the year 1066)
• In 1095 the pope orders the first crusade
• The pope decides that they want to kick out the Muslims and they send European soldiers to fight in Jerusalem. EPIC FAIL!!! Most soldiers do not even make it to Jerusalem.
• the two ages of medieval architecture in France. The first is called the Romanesque- around the year 1000. The people in this time were anxious about the final judgment.
• The churches were built like fortresses because if you were attacked, you would go to the cathedral to hide.
• After the Romanesque period, starting around the 12th century is the Gothic period. It is the complete opposite of Romanesque. Known for stained glass. They let as much light in as you can, instead of walled up fortresses.
• In the Gothic period, it is all about the light of the world and hope.
• There are circular windows called ROSE WINDOWS!!

Notes 4-14

• Early middle ages, 11th century (in which the battle of Hastings happens)
• In this times, churches have become the center of learning and gained authority. However, only about 5% of the population is literate.
• The church itself is thinking about the last judgement.
• They think that the year 1000 will be the end of the world.
• 90% of the people are employed by lords and barons as serfs.
• There is no social mobility at all. If you were born a peasant, you would die a peasant.
• The people in the middle ages did not believe that there was equality. There may be equality between serfs or kings, but not serfs to aristocrats
• 5% of the people were the clergy- the priests and the monks
• 5% the aristocrats- nights, lords, barons, and their ladies
• 90% of the people were serfs, those who work
• A serf could not get married or leave without the lord's permission.

Notes 3/26- The year 1066

1066. Three major battles happened which sealed the fate of Europe
1. The vikings of norway make a major raid into English and send more than 3000 ships.
2. Normans under William, the English under Harold.
2. The battle of Fulford.
2. In September

Review from Mesopotamia to Charlemagne

Samaria/Mesopotamia

• Cuneiform is the earliest script, and started in Samaria.
• Samaritans gave us writing, and laws.
• The Code of Hammurabi comes from the Samaritans- ex: an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth.
• A Zigurat is a temple.
• The scriptures describe the Garden of Eden being in Mesopotamia.
• Mesopotamia is the "country between two rivers", the Tigris and the Euphrates.
• Up until the 19th century, we really did not understand much about Mesopotamian culture.
• A Zigurat was excavated, before that it would have been a big pile of dirt, which archaeologists call a tel. It "tells" you that you may want to dig there.

Egypt

• Tutankhamen- King Tut
• King Tut had lots of treasure in his tomb
• Death, in the Egyptian religion, is the single most important thing about Egyptian culture. They put all of their money and time into the pyramids, which are basically big tombs.
• The Pharaoh was not just the leader of Egypt, he was the God on Earth, and he controlled the necessary flow of the Nile river
• The Egyptians believe that everyone has a life force called your ka.
• your ka waited around to see if you made it to the afterlife. There are lots of paintings and such on the wall to entertain the ka.
• After this, one's heart is weighed against a feather, which decides whether your soul is destroyed or whether you get to go to the afterlife. The feather Ma'at is held by the God Horus. He weighs the feather against the heart. It is good if the heart is lighter.
• The annual flood of the Nile river
• On either side of the Nile there is unmanageable desert land. The flood of the Nile makes good land, and the Nile floods 4 months out of the year.
• The Nile itself creates sort of a partition through Africa.
• The Pharaoh was responsible for the rise and fall of the Nile because he was a God on Earth.

The Minoans

• The legend: The Minotaur lives in a labyrinth underneath the palace, King Minos demanded sacrifice from Athens, and children are killed by the Minotaur.
• Listen for more in audio notes
• Thera was the volcano that erupted, which then caused tsunamis, which wiped out a lot of the Minoan civilization. The sulphuric acid hung around in the air, killing all th crops and causing drought, so the civilization fell.

Invasion, technology, and natural disasters are the biggest causes of falls of civilizations

The Mycenaean civilization

• The Trojan wars: between the Mycenae Greeks against Troy.
• Some think that the Trojan war did not really happen, that it was really an earthquake.

• Herodotus- A Greek historian, considered the first historian.
• Herodotus was the first to write down history in the narrative, in an actual book.

Notes 3-18, Charlemagne

Here is a link to the medieval source book page on the life of Charlemagne:
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/einhard1.html

• While the vikings are attacking Greenland and Ireland, Charlemagne is trying to bring back some of Ancient Rome into Europe.
  
• He is a legendary figure. There are many poems, stories, and legends written about him.

Notes 3-17- More Vikings

• Used Long ships
• First raided monasteries
• (Check viking videos for more notes)(in post right before this)
• Harold, when he comes back after the civil war between the vikings, he becomes king.
• That moves us into the modern era of Scandinavia.
• (Mr Wojo video called his friend, Joel, that was born in Sweden) (we talked to him about vikings)
• The vikings DID NOT have horned helmets.

Barbarians- the vikings

Notes- 3/15 Rome......

Late antiquity- Hadrian's time was the height of the Roman empire, that was as large as it ever got. Hadrian builds a wall in Britain which limits the expansion of the Roman empire in the north.
Marcus Aurelius limits the empire in the west against Germany. This is the era when the expansion of the Roman empire stops.
Commodus was kind of crazy
Septimius Severus was the first African emperor of Rome.
Caracalla, his son, is next and he is very brutal and was murdered.
After this, emperors fight, become assassinated, may be even
Diocletian becomes emperor in 284 and changes the government into a dominate (do-min-ot- ey)
Sets up tetrarchy which is Greek for "rule of four"
Two guys control eastern part of empire, two control west.
War breaks out between the tetrarchs, and the two most powerful rise up: Maxentius and Constantine.
They go to battle- the battle of the Milvian Bridge- October 28, 312.
Constantine wins the battle
Constantine sayts that that morning he looked up in the sky and saw a vision of the Chi-Rho. (the first to letters of "Christ" in Greek.
He had his soldiers paint it onto their shields, and he won the battle and makes Christianity illegal in Rome.
Constantine becomes the sole ruler, moves the capitol of Rome to Constantinople, and the religion is Christianity.

The Roman empire came to an end or the Roman empire evolved?

Early Christianity- In early Christian art, Jesus was depicted differently than we picture him now. Because Christianity was illegal, they made neutral art so that there was not conflict between religions.

Catacombs- burial vaults.

Basically, early Christianity is:

beginnings of early Christianity- visual art

The use of symbols

Underground movement, was illegal until Constantine

The Byzantine Empire- Runs through the city of Ravenna(a city in Italy). Under the rule of Justinian.

If you want to be a successful ruler, you have to have the church and the army on your side.

Hagia Sophia Jesus- looks more like we picture Jesus today.

Notes 3-10

• Augustus rules up until 14 CE
• He lays down the framework of what will be the role of the emperor in the roman empire
• He runs a Principate government
• Prima Porta Augustus
• Augustus is the son of Julius Caesar
• in the roman empire, they held standards instead of flags. They told people what side they were on.
• At the beginning of August's rule, he lost two of his legions.
• Tiberius is next, and after Tiberius, comes in Caligula.
• Caligula is a nut-case..... he loved having people murdered in front of him. He tried to make his horse a senator....... etc. During his reign, the roman empire is thrown around a bit....
• He is assassinated, and they bring in Claudius.
• Claudius was a decent emperor, but was not around for long.
• Nero came next. He was apparently a nut-case also. (to use mr wojo's term)
• Nero was not a very healthy guy.
• His most famous story is that he burned down a good third or so of Rome because he wanted to build a park. He built a park over people's old homes and built a big house for him there.
• When he commits suicide, he said "the world is losing a great artist."
• No one is in charge after that and there is chaos. The giuy who comes to be in charge about a year later is Vespasian. He was a no nonsense guy.
• Christians got in trouble because they refused to pay the taxes to the state Gods.
• Titus is after Vespasian.
• Flavian amphitheater. - the proper name for the Colosseum.
• The arch of Titus celebrated his military campaigns. There is a menorah on the inside of Titus' arch. The Roman's were occupying Jerusalem.
• Tension builds, and Titus finally invades Jerusalem. The Menorah symbolized the Roman soldier bringing back the spoils of the temple.
• Domitianus created Roman baths. Baths were like health clubs in the ancient world.
• IMPORTANT FOR MIDTERM!!!!!
• Nerva- 96-98- He changes the way emperors are chosen. The emperor will now choose who will be the nest emperor.
• Trajan- 98-117- One of the military geniuses in Roman history. Went to war against the Dacians.
• Hadrian- 117-138- Is considered the greatest of all the roman empires by some historians. When he ruled, the Roman empire was the largest it had ever been. He has a beard. He wanted to be seen sort of as a Greek philosopher, and Greeks wore beards.
• Antonius Pius- 138-161
• Marcus Aurelius- 161-180

Notes 3-8 (Rome/Roman Empire)

• Villa culture- lived in villas.
• The climate was temperate in Naples
• Subora
• The aristocratic patricians had the good life
• The plebeians were struggling
• This different were noticed by two brothers, the Gracchi. They argued on behalf of land rights for plebeians.
• There are a lot of people in the senate who do not like this "meddling". Both brothers are assassinated. This was the first political assassinations to happen in the city of Rome.
• Around 95 BCE, a war erupts where the states surrounding Rome begin to revolt against the dominance of the patricians, this is called the social war. 91-88 BCE. On the side of the Romans, there are two generals, Marius and Sulla. They put down the rebellions.
• Marius and Sulla have their own standing armies that are loyal to them only!- this is a sign of bad things that are coming......
• Marius is in Rome, and Sulla decides to march on Rome, and his army is bigger, so hew pushes Marius out of Rome. He could go for more power, but the senate diverts him by sending him on a war in the east. So the crisis of Sulla taking power in Rome is gone, but now it gives others the idea.
• Julius Caesar is born in 100 BCE. He is born into a patrician family who used to be a very well know and important family, and Caesar wants to make his family more well known again, so he runs for senate and becomes a senator. He decides to try for the highest spot in the senate.
• Consul- this is the high position Caesar was trying for. Men who ran for this need help from their patrician allies. Caesar just goes straight to the people of Rome, and gets the vote of the man on the street. He wins, and the senate is not happy. They try to make him miserable.
• After you were a consul, you were sent of to one of the provinces of Rome to be governor. you could be the governor of Greece(good) but Caesar was sent to Gaul. They laugh at him because it is the middle of nowhere, not that good.....
• Caesar says, well if i am going to be stuck here, at least i can take the opportunity to conquer it. He conquers the whole southern part of what the romans call Portania.
• He tells everyone of the power he gets.
• The senate says his wars in Gaul were illegal. They want him to come back and go to trial.
• He crosses the River Rubicon and he says in Latin "the die is cast" (like dice)
• He marches towards Rome. The senators freak out because they did not believe that he would do it.
• Pompey was said to be one of the finest general in Rome. He got this title by fighting off pirates. The senate turned to them to save him from Caesar.
• Caesar chases Pompey down into Spain, then Greece. They have a battle at Pharsalus, Greece. Caesar and his right hand man, Mark Antony, defeat them, but Pompey escapes to Egypt.
• An assassin kills him right as he lands in Egypt. When Julius Caesar finds out that Pompey was dead, he says it was disrespectful for Egyptians to do that to a Roman general. He had respect for him, even though he was going against him.
• Caesar then stays in Egypt for a bit because he meets Cleopatra, the ruler of Egypt. She is the last in the line of Ptolemaic rulers.
• Caesar gets more and more power, and is hailed as dictator for life.

Here is a video about the Rome and its governments that I found:)

Notes 3-3

Hannibal's father was named Hamilcar, and his father had fought the Romans in Spain.

His father, when Hannibal was just a boy, made Hannibal take a pledge to always hate the Romans. So he takes his army and all of his war elephants and all. He crosses Spain, mountains, the alps, and then goes into Italy. He ends up land down in the southeast of Rome, winning battle after battle. So then war sends their best generals and 60,000 troops in all, and they fight at Cannae. The romans greatly outnumbered the Carthaginians on the battle field. The Romans break through the Carthage force, but that was exactly what Hannibal wanted. they catch the Roman army in a semi-circle. 60,000 romans die in the battle. Greatest military defeat in the history of Rome and one of the single day greatest defeats in the history of the world.

He did not have enough people/supplies to siege the city of Rome. Instead, he ends up battling the Romans at Zama. This time, Hannibal attacks first and sends in the war elephants. The Romans were scared to death of the war elephants. But they cam up with a plan. When the elephants charged, the Romans let them come in, and then once the elephants were confident, the Romans blew horns to scare the elephants. And the elephants turned around and run into the Carthaginian line. The Romans are victorious. The general in charge of the Roman legions was Scipio. For the rest of history he is known as Scipio Africanus. (note to self-know this name)

Hannibal escapes but is never able to get an army large enough to fight Rome again.

In the thir Punic wars, Scipio's son, Scipio Aemilianus, takes his troops down and sieges Carthage.

Cato the Elder was known for ending all of his speeches that he gave with the words "Carthage must be destroyed." He campaigned hard for a complete end to the wars between Roe and Carthage and burned down Carthage.