Review- Egypt, and more

•  The Ankh- stands for eternal life and the infinite- it is a shape. 
• The jar with the heart in it is weighted against a feather after someone dies. The feather was called the feather of Maat. 
• The book of the Dead---
• The six major historians of ancient Greece-  Herodotus wrote about the Persian wars, which was between the greeks and the Persians. He wrote the first history in western civilizations. 
• Thucydides wrote the second half of the fifth century, and writes about the Peloponnese was between the Athens and the Spartans. 
• Xenophon- an Athenian that wrote about what occurred during the time of Socrates
• Aristotle- Wrote history, and worked with logic and philosophy. He was the first guy to write an encyclopedia.
• Plutarch- Known for his biographies. 
• Pausanias- wrote the first travel guide, which was to all of the cites in Greece. 

• The Persian wars take place just as the fifth century is unfolding. (the 400's, BCE)
• The straight that comes out of the ? is called the bosphorus, or the Istanbul straight. The Persians crossed this. 
• Thessalonika is to Greece like Baltimore is to Maryland. 
• The Persians come down from Thrace, and enter Macedonia, and then Thessaly, and then Epirus, and then Attica. 
• They get stopped for a little at Thermopylae. 
• When the Persians got there, Athens was evacuated, so they burned the Acropolis. Then they battlesd and the Persians were destroyed. 
• They then rebuilt everything. 
• You can see everything form the top of the acropolis. 
• The Parthenon- Doric architecture. It was the temple of the city, to the virgin Athena, and it was the most sacred temple in all of Athens. It was built with the funds that came through the Athenian league. 
• The Persians battle the Athenians at Salamis, the Athenians win, and the Persians are kicked back....

Notes 4-28- Review

http://www.middle-ages.org.uk/middle-ages-timeline.htm

KNOW ALL OF THE ENGLISH KINGS!!!

1066- William the conqueror

the Normans come into England and start taking over.

1086 The doomsday book is compiled. It is like a census and list of everything in England at this time

1087-1100- The reign of king William Rufus who invades wales

1100- Rufus' brother Henry becomes King

1135-1154- The reign of king Stephen, the nephew of Henry I

1099- First crusade

1118- the Knights Templar is founded. They are kind of like warrior monks

1147 The second crusade begins- ordered by the pope

1154-1189- The reign of King Henry II, the grandson of Henry I

1184- the first of many inquisitions begins- completely brutal

1189-1199- The reign of King Richard I, third son of Henry II(he died in the crusade)

1190- the third crusade begins. Saladin manages to unite the entire Muslim world and recapture Jerusalem. This is what started the third crusade. They kicked out the Europeans, which is very bad for the Europeans. This makes the first 2 crusades kind of a waste.

1199-1216- The reign of king john (fifth son of Henry II)

1200 Fourth crusade embarks

1212- children's crusade

1214-1215- barons revolt

1215- the signing of the magna carta*********** REMEMBER- with the signing of the Magna Carta, the Kin came under the power of the law, instead of being above it. So basically the king has to follow the law. This is sort of considered the founding of the European, and then american, democracy.

1216-1272- the reign of King Henry III (son of john)

1258- the provisions of oxford were forced upon henry III and he had to make a new form of government.

1272-1307- Rule of King Edward I (son of Henry III)

1273- rudolf I of Germany is elected Holy Roman Emperor

1274- Thomas Aquinas publishes Summa Theologiae

1307-1327- the reign of King Edward II (son of edward I)

1307- the knights Templar are rounded up and killed by philip the fair of france, who was backed up by the pope, because they believe they are getting too powerful

1327-1377- The reign of King Edward III

The first part of the 100 years war was called the edwardian war (1337-1360)

the second part was called the caroline war

the third part was called the lancastrian war

1347- the black death breaks out

1377-1399- The reign of richard II (grandson of edward III)

1380- chaucer writes the canterbury tales

1381- Peasants revolt in england

1382- The bible is translated into english by john wycliffe

1399-1413- the reign of king Henry IV

1413-1422- the reign of king henry V

1415- The battle of Agincourt- henry V defeats the french

1422- 1461- The reign of Henry VI

1452- leonardo da vinci is born

Review from Mesopotamia to Charlemagne

Samaria/Mesopotamia

• Cuneiform is the earliest script, and started in Samaria.
• Samaritans gave us writing, and laws.
• The Code of Hammurabi comes from the Samaritans- ex: an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth.
• A Zigurat is a temple.
• The scriptures describe the Garden of Eden being in Mesopotamia.
• Mesopotamia is the "country between two rivers", the Tigris and the Euphrates.
• Up until the 19th century, we really did not understand much about Mesopotamian culture.
• A Zigurat was excavated, before that it would have been a big pile of dirt, which archaeologists call a tel. It "tells" you that you may want to dig there.

Egypt

• Tutankhamen- King Tut
• King Tut had lots of treasure in his tomb
• Death, in the Egyptian religion, is the single most important thing about Egyptian culture. They put all of their money and time into the pyramids, which are basically big tombs.
• The Pharaoh was not just the leader of Egypt, he was the God on Earth, and he controlled the necessary flow of the Nile river
• The Egyptians believe that everyone has a life force called your ka.
• your ka waited around to see if you made it to the afterlife. There are lots of paintings and such on the wall to entertain the ka.
• After this, one's heart is weighed against a feather, which decides whether your soul is destroyed or whether you get to go to the afterlife. The feather Ma'at is held by the God Horus. He weighs the feather against the heart. It is good if the heart is lighter.
• The annual flood of the Nile river
• On either side of the Nile there is unmanageable desert land. The flood of the Nile makes good land, and the Nile floods 4 months out of the year.
• The Nile itself creates sort of a partition through Africa.
• The Pharaoh was responsible for the rise and fall of the Nile because he was a God on Earth.

The Minoans

• The legend: The Minotaur lives in a labyrinth underneath the palace, King Minos demanded sacrifice from Athens, and children are killed by the Minotaur.
• Listen for more in audio notes
• Thera was the volcano that erupted, which then caused tsunamis, which wiped out a lot of the Minoan civilization. The sulphuric acid hung around in the air, killing all th crops and causing drought, so the civilization fell.

Invasion, technology, and natural disasters are the biggest causes of falls of civilizations

The Mycenaean civilization

• The Trojan wars: between the Mycenae Greeks against Troy.
• Some think that the Trojan war did not really happen, that it was really an earthquake.

• Herodotus- A Greek historian, considered the first historian.
• Herodotus was the first to write down history in the narrative, in an actual book.