Videos

Notes 4-26, The Crusades

• The Crusades started in the 11th century
• The first crusade, few men even made it to Jerusalem.
• http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/?period=07&region=euwf
• http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/?period=07&region=euwb

• The Capetians have very close ties with the church which is why we have so many cathedrals go up in France in the romanesque and gothic eras.
• When the library of Alexander is burned a lot of information is lost.
• During the time that Europe is in the dark ages, the Islamic world is going through a renaissance.
• Aristotle is very important at this time.
• Aristotle demonstrated that logic defeats superstition.

• There is a direct correlation between the art in france and england in the gothic period.

Notes 4-21

• 1348-1350- Events in this time change the future of Europe.
• The black plague claimed over 20 million lives.
• It was carried in the bloodstream of black rats and the fleas that bit them.

• One man got the plague, but he researched and tried to treat himself, and he ended up surviving. He also discovered that there were two types of plague.
• Many people knowingly went through pain and suffering thinking that God might see their suffering and take away the plague. People would hit and beat themselves.
• In two years, the plague had swept across northern Europe and then some of Asia.
• It killed a third of Europe's population.
• People believed in God more, but they had less faith in the church itself.

Barbarians- the vikings

Electronic Notecards

Notes 3-8 (Rome/Roman Empire)

• Villa culture- lived in villas.
• The climate was temperate in Naples
• Subora
• The aristocratic patricians had the good life
• The plebeians were struggling
• This different were noticed by two brothers, the Gracchi. They argued on behalf of land rights for plebeians.
• There are a lot of people in the senate who do not like this "meddling". Both brothers are assassinated. This was the first political assassinations to happen in the city of Rome.
• Around 95 BCE, a war erupts where the states surrounding Rome begin to revolt against the dominance of the patricians, this is called the social war. 91-88 BCE. On the side of the Romans, there are two generals, Marius and Sulla. They put down the rebellions.
• Marius and Sulla have their own standing armies that are loyal to them only!- this is a sign of bad things that are coming......
• Marius is in Rome, and Sulla decides to march on Rome, and his army is bigger, so hew pushes Marius out of Rome. He could go for more power, but the senate diverts him by sending him on a war in the east. So the crisis of Sulla taking power in Rome is gone, but now it gives others the idea.
• Julius Caesar is born in 100 BCE. He is born into a patrician family who used to be a very well know and important family, and Caesar wants to make his family more well known again, so he runs for senate and becomes a senator. He decides to try for the highest spot in the senate.
• Consul- this is the high position Caesar was trying for. Men who ran for this need help from their patrician allies. Caesar just goes straight to the people of Rome, and gets the vote of the man on the street. He wins, and the senate is not happy. They try to make him miserable.
• After you were a consul, you were sent of to one of the provinces of Rome to be governor. you could be the governor of Greece(good) but Caesar was sent to Gaul. They laugh at him because it is the middle of nowhere, not that good.....
• Caesar says, well if i am going to be stuck here, at least i can take the opportunity to conquer it. He conquers the whole southern part of what the romans call Portania.
• He tells everyone of the power he gets.
• The senate says his wars in Gaul were illegal. They want him to come back and go to trial.
• He crosses the River Rubicon and he says in Latin "the die is cast" (like dice)
• He marches towards Rome. The senators freak out because they did not believe that he would do it.
• Pompey was said to be one of the finest general in Rome. He got this title by fighting off pirates. The senate turned to them to save him from Caesar.
• Caesar chases Pompey down into Spain, then Greece. They have a battle at Pharsalus, Greece. Caesar and his right hand man, Mark Antony, defeat them, but Pompey escapes to Egypt.
• An assassin kills him right as he lands in Egypt. When Julius Caesar finds out that Pompey was dead, he says it was disrespectful for Egyptians to do that to a Roman general. He had respect for him, even though he was going against him.
• Caesar then stays in Egypt for a bit because he meets Cleopatra, the ruler of Egypt. She is the last in the line of Ptolemaic rulers.
• Caesar gets more and more power, and is hailed as dictator for life.

Here is a video about the Rome and its governments that I found:)

Notes 3-3

Hannibal's father was named Hamilcar, and his father had fought the Romans in Spain.

His father, when Hannibal was just a boy, made Hannibal take a pledge to always hate the Romans. So he takes his army and all of his war elephants and all. He crosses Spain, mountains, the alps, and then goes into Italy. He ends up land down in the southeast of Rome, winning battle after battle. So then war sends their best generals and 60,000 troops in all, and they fight at Cannae. The romans greatly outnumbered the Carthaginians on the battle field. The Romans break through the Carthage force, but that was exactly what Hannibal wanted. they catch the Roman army in a semi-circle. 60,000 romans die in the battle. Greatest military defeat in the history of Rome and one of the single day greatest defeats in the history of the world.

He did not have enough people/supplies to siege the city of Rome. Instead, he ends up battling the Romans at Zama. This time, Hannibal attacks first and sends in the war elephants. The Romans were scared to death of the war elephants. But they cam up with a plan. When the elephants charged, the Romans let them come in, and then once the elephants were confident, the Romans blew horns to scare the elephants. And the elephants turned around and run into the Carthaginian line. The Romans are victorious. The general in charge of the Roman legions was Scipio. For the rest of history he is known as Scipio Africanus. (note to self-know this name)

Hannibal escapes but is never able to get an army large enough to fight Rome again.

In the thir Punic wars, Scipio's son, Scipio Aemilianus, takes his troops down and sieges Carthage.

Cato the Elder was known for ending all of his speeches that he gave with the words "Carthage must be destroyed." He campaigned hard for a complete end to the wars between Roe and Carthage and burned down Carthage.

Notes 2-24

• Phalanx- the square formation used in the ancient times where the two groups push up against each other, all standing in rows.
• The Greeks built the long walls. They built them all the way from the harbor to the city. They are two walls close together. The carts loaded with items from the harbor went into the gate and goes all the way down the long walls.
• The walls were a great defense, but if Sparta gets close enough, and push the Athenians into the walls, and close the gate. The Athenians are trapped within their own walls, and the plague breaks out. Sparta just waits, and then eventually go back home. The Athenians are left there, wondering what to do. It was a terrible blow to Athens.
• Sparta had allies and outposts in Sicily. If the Athenians could get around Sparta, they could attack Sicily where Sparta could never catch up to them.
• Alcibiades comes up with the idea to invade Sicily. It becomes known as the Sicilian Expedition. Someone committed a vast act of vandalism the night before the expedition, and Alcibiades enemies had convinced enough people that Alcibiades was behind it. In the heat of the moment, they were connived that he had something to do with it, even though it didn't make sense.
• They had a trial without Alcibiades there and he was convicted.They try to follow after the expedition and capture Alcibiades, but he refused and then took another boat to Sparta. When the Athenians get to Sicily, The Sicilian and Spartan armies were waiting for them. It was one of the greatest defeats every(of Athens).
• Athens come back, but it never comes back to as powerful as it had been.

Alexander the great

• Was Aristotle's student.
• Alexanders Dad was the King of Macedon. Philip was his name, and he is assassinated when Alexander is 19. Alexander becomes King. First thing he does is get revenge on the people that killed dad.
• He did not know what to do, so he decided to take over the world. He also decides that he finally will be the guy to take revenge on the Persians. He wants to take over and conquer it. He did that, and then at the age when he would have been getting out of college today, he had conquered half of the know world.
• He goes to Troy, but nothing is there. The Trojan war happened a thousand years ago. He throws a spear onto the shore and says that that is the spear he uses to conquer Persia.
• He comes down the coast, has a couple battles and defeats the Persians he meets there, and ends up in a town known as Gordian. There is a strange legend at Gordian. Out in the field, there is an ox cart. The two bars of the cart are tied up by a huge knot. The take all of the ends of the knot and then tuck it underneath, so you wouldn't know where to start to untie it.
• Alexander says that he is going to untie the rope. His friends are scared that he won't be able to untie it. He slices the knot and cops it in half, and opens it up. He says that it doesn't matter how you undo the knot.
• Then, he continues down the coast, and crosses into Egypt. When he gets to Egypt, he is hailed as a King. They love him, because they also hate Persia.
• He and a few of his friends take a caravan out into the desert and land at an oasis called Siwa Oasis. It is still there today. There is an oracle there at Siwa. The priest at the oracle greets him as the son of God. That makes Alexander feel pretty good:) Now he is ready to conquer Persia.

Here is a video I found about Alexander the Great:)

Greece Notes

• Modern day Turkey was once called Anatolia
• Athens lies right on the bay
• Sparta: There is a lot of information about it in Google earth, just click on it
• The oldest epic written in the English language was the Iliad
• Achilles was the Greek hero of Troy
• The Trojan war broke out because: There was a wedding planned and everyone in all of Greece was invited except one. She sends out a golden apple to the wedding that says "to the fairest." all of the goddesses want it, and one man has to decide which one is the fairest. Pairs is the judge. She bribes him by saying that she will give him any woman as his bride if he choses her. The woman he choses, Helen, is the most beautiful woman in the world, and she is married, so he captures her, and her husband and others come after Paris. Achilles is killed, and it is left to Odesius to come up with a plot. They hide in a horse and left it as a gift to the Gods, and the Trojans took it into their city. The Trojans came out and sprung a surprise attack. They opened the gates for the rest of the Greek army and then set the entire city on fire.

I found a video about Athenian and Spartan women, and how they were treated.

Egypt Notes- Pyramids

• Egypt used to be divided into upper Egypt and Lower Egypt
• The Nile river is in Egypt. It is the longest river in the world.
• There is a piece of art called a palette. It was used in ancient Egypt.
• Narmer was a leader of Egypt. He united lower and upper Egypt into one by force. You can tell it is by force because there is a Palette of him looking angry and killing people........
• Giza has three pyramids. They are pyramids of three Pharaohs.
• Pharaohs are always presented wearing a headdress and an ornament on their chin. Also no top and a skirt.
• Egyptian sculptures are made of very hard stone.
• In Egyptian sculpture, you NEVER find space between the legs. If there is space, it is a forgery.
• Hieroglyphs are not pictures that stand for something. each character represents a sound in the language, like our letters represent a sound.
• Hieroglyphs are all over the place in Egypt:)
• The inside of a pyramid is only made to bury a Pharaoh and his royal family.
• Herodotus is the father of history.
• he visited Egypt while the pyramids were being constructed.
• Pyramids were believed to be made primarily by slave labor.
• Then nice quarters were found that could not have been a slaves home, more the home of professional workers. Slaves may have helped though.
• There was an enormous slave population in Egypt.
• Egypt would not have been able to prosper without slaves.
• Once burials in pyramids were done, they were closed off and no one was ever allowed into them again.
• When you died in Egypt, your Ka was released, and your ka would hang out in the pyramid. They had to put writings and things in the pyramid that the person enjoyed, so the ka wouldn't get bored.
• All organs are removed before mummification.

This video shows how mummies are made.... hehe